The Design And Performance Of CW And Pulsed Power Couplers: A Review

SERA 06The design of input power couplers represents one of the most important challenges of accelerators that use super-conducting RF technology. These devices must fulfil several functions while being subject to mechanical, electromagnetic, vacuum and cryogenic constraints. The rapidly increasing number of projects, planned or under construction, which propose to use super-conducting cavities has prompted developments in power couplers for both CW and pulsed applications. Amongst the projects for which couplers have, or are being, developed one finds VUV and X-ray free electron lasers (based on self-amplified spontaneous emission), spallation neutron sources (SNS), energy recovery linacs, and high energy colliders. We will review the design requirements and performances obtained for several of these couplers. Particular attention will be paid to the couplers which have been used on the TESLA Test Facility at DESY, the variations of this coupler which are under consideration for future synchrotron light sources and the coupler chosen for use on the SNS

Developments in Conditioning Procedures for the TTF-III Power Couplers

JACoW web site http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e06/Despite extensive experience in many laboratories on power conditioning of couplers for RF superconducting accelerators, it is still not a well understood procedure and can produce many unpredictable phenomena. There remains considerable interest in reducing the power coupler conditioning time necessary for superconducting linear accelerators. This paper presents studies of optimisation of the conditioning procedure for the couplers intended for use on the European XFEL project

A laser triggered electron source for pulsed radiolysis

We present the design of a photo-injector based accelerator for pulsed radiolysis applications. This machine is destined to meet the needs of the physical chemistry community at the Universite de Paris XI. A 4 MeV Energy electron pulse of a few picoseconds duration and with a charge in the range of 1 to 10 nC is produced from a Cs/sub 2 /Te photocathode. The photocathode is placed in the half energy spread cell of a 1-1/2 cell, 3 GHz RF gun, whose design is based on the gun used for the drive beam of the CERN CLIC Test facility. A 4 cell "booster" cavity is then used to accelerate the beam to an energy of 9 MeV. The transport system consists of a quadrupole triplet downsteam of the booster, two rectangular, 30 degree bend, dipoles with a pair of quadrupoles between them and a second triplet downstream of the second dipole. Energy dependent path length effects in the two dipoles allow the possibility of magnetic bunch compression depending on the phase-energy correlation of the bunch exiting the booster cavity. The beam envelope and the bunch length have been calculated through the transport line using TRACE-3d and PARMELA. These codes allow us to verify the required beam parameters at the experimental areas. We discuss the adjustment of the optics, aimed at producing the minimum electron bunch length at the experimental targets. (4 refs)

PGC-1α is coupled to HIF-1α-dependent gene expression by increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle cells

Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs in response to increased cellular ATP demand. The mitochondrial electron transport chain requires molecular oxygen to produce ATP. Thus, increased ATP generation after mitochondrial biogenesis results in increased oxygen demand that must be matched by a corresponding increase in oxygen supply. We found that overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), which increases mitochondrial biogenesis in primary skeletal muscle cells, leads to increased expression of a cohort of genes known to be regulated by the dimeric hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a master regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. PGC-1α-dependent induction of HIF target genes under physiologic oxygen concentrations is not through transcriptional coactivation of HIF or up-regulation of HIF-1α mRNA but through HIF-1α protein stabilization. It occurs because of intracellular hypoxia as a result of increased oxygen consumption after mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, we propose that at physiologic oxygen concentrations, PGC-1α is coupled to HIF signaling through the regulation of intracellular oxygen availability, allowing cells and tissues to match increased oxygen demand after mitochondrial biogenesis with increased oxygen supply

CTF3 Design Report: Preliminary Phase

The design of CLIC is based on a two-beam scheme, where the short pulses of high power 30 GHz RF are extracted from a drive beam running parallel to the main beam. The 3rd generation CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) will demonstrate the generation of the drive beam with the appropriate time structure, the extraction of 30 GHz RF power from this beam, as well as acceleration of a probe beam with 30 GHz RF cavities. The project makes maximum use of existing equipment and infrastructure of the LPI complex, which became available after the closure of LEP. In the first stage of the project, the "Preliminary Phase", the existing LIL linac and the EPA ring, both modified to suit the new requirements, are used to investigate the technique of frequency multiplication by means of interleaving bunches from subsequent trains. This report describes the design of this phase

Coupleurs de puissance HF pour cavités supraconductrices en mode pulsé

Etant des composants complexes, les coupleurs TTF-III pour les cavités supraconductrices du projet XFEL ont un comportement difficile à modéliser ou à prévoir. Ainsi, nos travaux étaient principalement expérimentaux. Dans un premier temps, une automatisation complète du stand de test des coupleurs a été effectuée avec succès. Nous avons réussi, suite à cela, à conditionner une série de coupleurs TTF-III. Ces conditionnements ont permis de réaliser une étude sur les comportements des coupleurs pendant leurs conditionnements HF. Des expériences ont donné une estimation de l effet de l étuvage in-situ sur le temps de conditionnement. Les tests de certains de ces coupleurs sur cavités ont permis des fonctionnements à des champs de l ordre de 35 MV/m. Les études menées sur les coupleurs avaient pour principal objectif de réduire le temps de conditionnement. Ceci représente l un des enjeux les plus importants pour faire valoir le choix d un coupleur. Ce but a été réalisé suite à des optimisations apportées sur la procédure de conditionnement. Le temps de conditionnement a été fortement réduit.Un intérêt particulier a également été donné aux processus de génération des courants électroniques dans les coupleurs, notamment par le multipactor. Des études de simulation de ce processus ont ainsi été effectuées. Son élimination par polarisation du conducteur interne a aussi fait l objet d un essai expérimental qui a validé l efficacité de cette action sur TTF-III.The so called TTF-III input power coupler, adopted for the XFEL superconducting RF cavities are complex components. In order to better understand the behavior of this component we have performed a series of experiments on a number of such couplers.Initially, we developed a fully automated RF high power test stand for coupler conditioning procedure. Following this, we performed a series of coupler conditioning tests. This has allowed the study of the coupler behavior during processing. A number of experiments were carried out to evaluate the in-situ baking effect on the conditioning time. Some of the conditioned couplers were sent to DESY in order to be tested on 9-cells TESLA cavities under cryogenic conditions. These tests have shown that the couplers in no way limit the cavity performance, even up to gradients of 35 MV/m.The main objective of our coupler studies was the reduction of their conditioning time, which represents one of the most important criteria in the choice of coupler for high energy linacs. Excellent progress in reducing the conditioning time has been demonstrated by making appropriate modifications to the conditioning procedure.Furthermore, special attention was paid to electron generation processes in the couplers, via multipacting. Simulations of this process were made on both the TTF-III coupler and on a new coupler prototype, TTF-V. Experiments aimed at suppressing multipacting were also successfully achieved by using a DC bias on the inner conductor of the co-axial coupler.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF